On January 10, 2025, The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) released a report on the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, shedding light on the tragic events that destroyed Greenwood, Tulsa—a district…
The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, one of the darkest chapters in American history, devastated the thriving community of Greenwood, also known as Black Wall Street. The survivors of this tragedy,…
Discover the Black Wall Street Founders and Visionaries Who Built Historic Greenwood. Learn about the pioneers behind one of America's most thriving African American communities.
Ottowa W. (O.W.) Gurley was a pioneering entrepreneur, philanthropist, and visionary whose determination to create opportunities for African Americans redefined the possibilities of economic empowerment. As the architect behind Greenwood,…
J.B. Stradford, Black Wall Street founder and architect of Greenwood’s economic legacy, was a pioneering entrepreneur, visionary leader, and staunch advocate for Black independence. Born into freedom but surrounded by…
The original Black Wall Street in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Durham’s Hayti District were iconic symbols of African American economic empowerment and resilience during the early 20th century. These communities thrived…
The legacy of historic Black Wall Streets—such as Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Durham’s Hayti District, and Indianapolis’ Indiana Avenue—remains a powerful testament to African American resilience, entrepreneurship, and community building. These…
The mid-20th century was a time of significant change in American cities, driven by federal and local urban renewal policies. While these policies were often framed as efforts to modernize…
One in four residents arrived in the first decade after founding, creating a boom that made this place a national model of Black self-governance by 1911. The community sits in…
Los Angeles’ Central Avenue holds a unique place in the history of African American culture, business, and activism. Often overshadowed by the more widely known Black Wall Streets of Tulsa…
Indianapolis’ Indiana Avenue holds a special place in the history of African American culture, business, and music. Often referred to as the “Greenwood of the Midwest,” this historic district was…
San Francisco’s Fillmore District, often referred to as the “Harlem of the West,” was once a thriving hub of Black entrepreneurship, culture, and community. During the mid-20th century, the Fillmore…
Articru Scribes